.Open Typical Unix Commands
. UNIX Commands beginning ABCD
adb::command, a general-purpose debugger.
apropos::command, locate commands by keyword lookup.
ar::command, maintain portable archive or library.
as::command, assembler.
at::command, execute commands at a later time.
awk::command, pattern scanning and processing language.
banner::command, make posters.
basename::command, display portions of pathnames.
batch::command, execute commands at a later time.
bc::command, arbitrary precision arithmetic language.
biff::command, give notice of incoming mail messages, named after the programmers dog.
cal::command, display a calendar.
calendar::command, reminder service.
cancel::command, send/cancel requests to an LP print service.
cat::command, concatenate and display files.
cc::command, C compiler.
cd::command, change working directory.
chmod::command, change the permissions mode of a file.
chown::command, change owner.
clear::command, clear the terminal screen.
cmp::command, compare two files.
col::command, reverse line-feeds filter.
comm::command, select or reject lines common to two sorted files.
compress::command, compress, uncompress files or display expanded files.
cp::command, copy files.
crontab::command, user crontab file.
crypt::command, encode or decode a file.
csh::command, shell command interpreter with a C-like syntax.
csplit::command, split a file with respect to a given context.
ctags::command, create a tags file for use with ex and vi.
cut::command, cut out selected fields of each line of a file.
date::command, print and set the date.
dc::command, desk calculator.
df::command, display status of disk space on file systems.
diff3::command, 3-way differential file comparison.
diff::command, display line-by-line differences between pairs of text files .
du::command, display the number of disk blocks used .
. UNIX Commands beginning with EFGH
echo::command, echo arguments to standard output.
ed::command, text editor.
edit::command, text editor (variant of ex for casual users).
egrep::command, search a file for a pattern using full regular expressions.
eject::command, eject media device from drive.
ex::command, text editor.
expand::command, expand TAB characters to SPACE characters, and vice versa.
expr::command, evaluate arguments as an expression.
factor::command, obtain the prime factors of a number.
false::command, provide truth values.
fgrep::command, search a file for a character string.
file::command, determine the type of a file by examining its contents.
find::command, find files.
finger::command, display information about local and remote users.
fmt::command, simple text formatters.
ftp::command, file transfer program.
getopt::command, parse command options.
getoptcvt::command, parse command options.
getopts::command, parse command options.
grep::command, search a file for a pattern.
head::command, display first few lines of files.
hostname::command, set or print name of current host system.
. UNIX Commands beginning with IJKLMN
kill::command, terminate a process by default.
ksh::command, KornShell, a command and programming language.
last::command, display login/logout information about users and terminals.
ld::command, link editor for object files.
lex::command, lexical analysis program generator.
ln::command, make hard or symbolic links to files.
login::command, sign on to the system.
lp::command, send/cancel requests to an LP print service.
lpstat::command, print information about the status of the LP print service.
ls::command, list the contents of a directory.
m4::command, macro processor.
mail::command, read mail or send mail to users.
mailx::command, interactive message processing system.
make::command, maintain, update, and regenerate related programs and files.
man::command, display reference manual pages; find pages by keyword.
mesg::command, permit or deny messages.
mkdir::command, make directories.
more::command, browse or page through a text file.
mv::command, move files.
nawk::command, pattern scanning and processing language.
nice::command, run a command at low priority.
nl::command, line numbering filter.
nm::command, print name list of an object file.
nohup::command, run a command immune to hangups and quits.
nroff::command, format documents for display or line-printer.
. UNIX Commands beginning with OPQR
od::command, octal dump.
pack::command, compress and expand files.
passwd::command, change login password and password attributes.
paste::command, merge same lines of several files or subsequent lines.
pg::command, files perusal filter for CRTs.
pr::command, print files.
ps::command, display the status of current processes.
pwd::command, working directory name.
rcp::command, remote file copy.
renice::command, alter priority of running processes.
rlogin::command, remote login.
rm::command, remove files or directories.
rmdir::command, remove files or directories.
rsh::command, shell, the standard, job control shell, and restricted.
. UNIX Commands beginning with STUVWXYZ
script::command, make typescript of a terminal session.
sed::command, stream editor.
set::command, set and unset local or global environment variables.
sh::command, shell, the standard, job control shell, and restricted.
shutdown::command, close down the system at a given time.
sleep::command, suspend execution for an interval.
sort::command, sort and/or merge files.
spell::command, find spelling errors.
split::command, split a file into pieces.
strings::command, find printable strings in an object or binary file.
strip::command, strip symbol table, debugging and line number information.
stty::command, set the options for a terminal.
sum::command, print checksum and block count for a file.
tabs::command, set tabs on a terminal.
tail::command, deliver the last part of a file.
talk::command, talk to another user.
tar::command, create (tape) archives, and add or extract files.
tbl::command, format tables for nroff or troff.
tee::command, replicate the standard output.
telnet::command, user interface to a remote system using the.
test::command, condition evaluation command.
tftp::command, trivial file transfer program.
time::command, time a command.
touch::command, update access time and/or modification time of a file.
tr::command, translate characters.
troff::command, typeset or format documents.
true::command, provide truth values.
tset::command, establish or restore terminal characteristics.
tty::command, get the name of the terminal.
umask::command, set file-creation mode mask.
uname::command, print name of current system.
uncompress::command, compress, uncompress files or display expanded files.
unexpand::command, expand TAB characters to SPACE characters, and vice versa.
uniq::command, report repeated lines in a file.
unpack::command, compress and expand files.
unset::command, set and unset local or global environment variables.
users::command, display a compact list of users logged in.
uudecode::command, encode a binary file, or decode its ASCII representation.
uuencode::command, encode a binary file, or decode its ASCII representation.
vedit::command, screen-oriented (visual) display editor based on ex.
vi::command, screen-oriented (visual) display editor based on ex.
view::command, screen-oriented (visual) display editor based on ex.
vipw::command, edit the password file.
w::command, who is logged in, and what are they doing.
wait::command, wait for a process to finish.
wc::command, display a count of lines, words and characters in a file.
whatis::command, display a one-line summary about a keyword.
whereis::command, locate the binary, source, and manual page files.
who::command, who is on the system.
whoami::command, display the effective current username.
whois::command, Internet user name directory service.
write::command, write to another user.
yacc::command, yet another compiler-compiler.
ypcat::command, print values in a NIS database.
ypmatch::command, print the value of one or more keys from a NIS map.
yppasswd::command, change your network password in the NIS database.
ypwhich::command, return name of NIS server or map master.
zcat::command, compress, uncompress files or display expanded files.
.Close Typical Unix Commands
file_name::=`any sequence of letters, digits, underscores, +. -, :, ., #,...`.
directory_name::=$file_name.  A directory is a specially formatted file in UNIX so the sames names are used for directories and files.
pathname::= $relative_path_name | $absolute_path_name.
relative_path_name::=$directory_name "/" $directory_name "/" ... "/" $filename.
.See relative_path
absolute_path_name::="/" $relative_path_name | "~" "/" $relative_path_name.
shell_wild_card::="*" | "?" | "[" characters "]".
punctuation::= ";" | "&" | "|" | "&&" | "||" | parentheses | brackets | braces | quotation_marks.
CWD::=`current working directory`.
relative_path::=`The $CWD is prefixed in front of relative paths`.
echo::command, output values of arguments.
read::command, take input for reader and set variable equal to it.
export::command, place shell variable and value into the environment.
variable_name::= letter `anynumber of letters and digits`.
show_the_value_of_a_variable::="echo " "$"$variable_name.
setting_a_shell_variable::= $variable_name"="value". -- no spaces near the =!
getting_a_shell_variable_from_the_user::="read " $variable_name.
adding_a_variable_to_the_environment::=  "export " $variable_name.
case_statement::="case" $expression "in" $eoln $case_body eoln "esac".
case_body::= $case ... .
case::= $pattern ")" $commands ";;" $eoln.  Notice the double commas
if_statement::="if" $commands $eoln "then" $commands $O( "else" $commands ) "fi".
O::=optional
test_command::= "[" $test_expression "]".
commands::= a sequence of commands spearated by semicolons etc.
eoln::= the end of line character or a semicolon.
expression::=$test_command | $expr_command | ....
pattern::= just like a wild card description of a file name.
trap::command, sets an action to be carried out on reciept of one of a list of signals.
fortune::program, prints out a pseudo fortune cookie.
setting_a_end_of_shell_trap::="trap " "'" command "'" 0.
asking_for_a_fortune_cookie::="/usr/games/fortune " options.
. List of UNIX Standard Directory Names
.As_is wrk	working files
.As_is tmp	temporary files that can be removed once used
.As_is bin	binary files and executable scripts
.As_is src	source code for programs
.As_is lib	libraries: data for other programs to use
.As_is adm	Administrative files
.As_is etc	for unix system data files
.As_is misc	miscelaneous files
.As_is include	header files to be included in C & C++ program
.As_is News	Used by tin and other newreaders
.As_is Mail	Used by elm for handling mail
.As_is mail	Used by pine for mail messages
.As_is usr	Files need by users but owned by the system
.As_is u	where we put home directories
.As_is var	various variable administrative and temporary files
.As_is sbin	shared binaries
.As_is share	shared directories
.As_is mail	for mail
.As_is local	Things we put on the system 
.As_is spool	for things waiting to be processed
. UNIX Definitions
mkdir::command, $make_a_new_directory, $make_a_new_path.
cd::command, $change_to_directory.
make_a_new_directory(`D`)::=mkdir  `D`.
make_a_new_path(`P`)::=mkdir  -p `P`.
change_to_directory(`D`)::= cd `D`.  Before `D` must be an executable directory.  Afterwards the $CWD is `D`.
md::DOS_command=UNIX(mkdir).
CWD::=`current working directory`.
stty::command,  $set_a_key_to, sets the $terminal to a particular input/output mode.
export::command, places variable and value in the $environment.
set_a_key_to::= stty $stty_option '`tap the key`'
option::=$erase | $quit | $intr | $kill | ... .
erase::$stty_option=erase, $set_your_new_erase_key
quit::$stty_option=quit. $set_a_key_to kill and force a dump of running process.
intr::$stty_option=intr. $set_a_key_to interupt a process - CTRL/C is normal.
kill::$stty_option=kill. $set_a_key_to erase every thing you've typed.
set_your_new_erase_key::= stty erase '`tap the key`'
set_the_terminal_environment(`t`)::= TERM=`t`; export TERM
check_the_terminal_environment::= following
.As_is 			echo $TERM
TERM::variable, put in the $environment to indicate the kind of $terminal you are thought to be using.
TERMCAP::variable, containing a list of $terminal $capabillities
termcap::=$terminal capabilities.  These were in "/etc/termcap" but some are also encoded in a library "$terminfo" file in /usr/lib/terminfo/.
terminfo::=/usr/lib/terminfo -- a directory of directories that contain an encoded form of terminal $capabillities.
capabillities::= things that a terminal can do like erasing a character or moving the cursor to the left.
terminal::hardware=a device that is at the end (terminus) of a piece of wire that leads to a computer.
environment::=a set of variable and values that are shared with programs that are loaded by the shell into the program that are used to describe the user's situation.
. UNIX Shell and Environment variables
export::command, $export_command.
variable::=$identifer |$number | ....
value::=`a_string_of_characters`.
For V:variable, value(`V`) ::string = $`V`.
identifier::=`a letter followed by zero or letters and digits`.
number::=`one or more decimal digits`.
set_shell_variable::= $variable=$expression.
set_environment_variable::=`set_shell_variable`;  export `variable_name`.
export_command::="export" `variable_name`...
temporary_variable_for_program::=$variable=$expression `program_name` `arguments`.
call_subshell::= ( `commands` ).
expression::=$value | $ $variable | 'any_string' | "string_with_wild_cards" |  reversed_quote any_command_that_produces_some_output reversed_quote.
. UNIX Working Directories
HOME::variable=the directory to which you are logged in.
CDPATH::variable=used to list directories you wnt to $cd to in the Korn shell.
cd::command=change directory.
PS1::variable=primary prompt string.
PS2::variable=secondary prompt string.
. What the UNIX Shell Does - details
set::command, sets shell options, $set_shell_options.
echo::= echo `item`...
<< ::redirection, $here_document.
set_shell_options::= set -`options`.
here_document::= << `end_of_document_sentenel`.
USER::=an environment variable nearly always set to the user's login id on login.
For variable `V`, $`V` ::=the value of variable with name V.
. UNIX Commands Done Quicker
erase_word::=$CTRL/U.
erase_line::=$CTRL/X.
see_line_so_far::=$CTRL/R.
CTRL::=indicates that the CTRL is to be held down while the following key is tapped.
Bourne_shell_for_loop::=for $variable in $list ; do $commands; done.
Bourne_shell_for_each_argument_loop::=for $variable ; do $commands; done.
Bourne_shell_while_loop::=while $commands ;do $commands; done.  Repeats the loop until one of the first sequence of commands fails.
commands::= $command;$command;...
list::= a space separated list of words and strings.  
variable::=any normal shell variable.
enter_korn_shell_edit::=ESC
For line E, here_document::= $command <<`E` $eol ...  $eol `E` $eol.
eol::=end of line.
list_tail_of_file::=tail -$number_of_lines $file.
list_files::=ls -$ls_options.
number_of_lines::=any decimal number.
file::=a name of a file.
ls_options::= a list of letters and digits.
search_for_a_pattern_in_some_files::= egrep $pattern $files...
pattern::=a description of lines of interest,
.See http://www/cs360/notes/26.patterns.html
sort::command, the UNIX system sort - fast, general purpose, comprehensive with many posible options and features.
sort_and_make_unique::=sort -u.
global_substitute_in_vi::= :%s/$pattern/$replaced_by/.
replaced_by::=a string.
s::$ex_command, substitution.
ex_command::=in $vi you can type a colon and then any command of the $ex editor.
ex::=the extended UNIX editor.
vi::=the visual UNIX editor, actually a visual interface arround $ex.
. UNIX Job Control
jobs::command, $show_me_my_jobs.
show_me_my_jobs::= jobs.
job_number::= number listed by the $show_me_my_jobs command in square brackets.  $PID is a different number given to a job that is unique to the whole system.  Job numbers are unique to the shell running them.
fg::command, $run_job_on_my_terminal.
bg::command, $run_job_in_the_background.
run_job_on_my_terminal::= fg %$job_number.
run_job_in_the_background::= bg %$job_number.
kill_job::= kill %`job_number`.
terminate_job_with_extreme_prejudice::=kill -9 %$job_number.
tell_job_that_I_ve_Hung_UP::=kill -HUP %$job_number.
kill::command, $send_signal_to_process.
kill_command::= $send_signal_to_process.
send_signal_to_process::=kill -$signal $process_identifier.
PID::=$process_identifier.
process_identifier::=number found in the output of ps command in the PID column that uniquely identifies every job running on a system.
signal::=number in range 0 to 15 | HUP | QUIT | KILL | TSTP | ...
ps::command, $list_my_processes | $list_users_processes |$list_all_processes |...
list_my_processes::=ps.
list_users_processes(`user_id`)::= ps -u `user_id`.
list_all_processes::most_UNIX= ps -elf.
list_all_processes::BSD_UNIX= ps aux.
vi_writes_automatically::vi_command= :set autowrite `eoln`.
stop_background_jobs_on_output::=stty stopped.
let_background_jobs_output_on_my_screen::=stty -stopped.
. UNIX Redirection
redirect_input_to_file::= < `file`.
redirect_output_to_file::= > `file`.
redirect_output_to_end_of_file::= >> `file`.
redirect_input_to_come_from_here::= << `end_of_input_sentinel`.
pipe_output_from_one_command_to_input_of_another::= `command1`|`command2`.
run_commands_in_a_subshell::= ( `commands` ).
run_command_in_background::= `command`&.
treat_list_of_commands_as_one_command::= {`commands`}.
split_the_output::=tee `filename` | tee -a `filename`.
tee::command, split of input into a file and also pass it to the output.
null::dev=a virtual device that is always empty and acts as a bottomless sink for unwanted output.
the_empty_file::=/dev/null.
. UNIX UNIX Filesystems
path::= $absolute_path | $relative_path.
absolute_path::= / $relative_path.
relative_path::= $file_or_directory_name | $directory_name / $relative_path.
directory_name::= $this_directory | $parent_directory | $my_home_directory | home_directory(user_name) | $word.
this_directory::= "." .
parent_directory::= ".." .
my_home_directory::= "~" .
home_directory(`U`)::= ~`U`.
file_or_directory_name::=$word.
user_name::= 1..8 alphanumeric characters found as the first field in a line in the /etc/passwd file.
word::= any identifier.
cd::command, change_directory.
change_directory::syntax= cd $path.
. UNIX Files
wildcard::=a character that in some context indicates a set of possible chracters or strings.
zero_or_more_chars::wildcard="*".
any_char::wildcard="?".
any_one_of::wildcard=[`list of chars and ranges`].
remove_file::=rm `options` `filenames`
list_info_about_files::= ls `options` `filenames`
grep::command, `Global regular expression print`::=`Search files`.
.See http://www.csci.csusb.edu/dick/cs360/notes/27.searches.html
list_files_that_have_a_string::= grep -l `string` `files`
show_files_andlines_that_have_string_in_them::= grep `string` `files`
ls::command, list information about files, $list_files.
egrep::command, extended pattern search, $list_files_that_contain_string.
list_files::=ls $ls_options $files
ls_options::=  - $ls_option ...
ls_option::= t | r | R | l | F | d | A | a | q | ...
t::ls_option=time of last change order
r::ls_option=reverse order
R::ls_option=recursively down all subdirectories etc
l::ls_option=long -- lots of info
F::ls_option=Flag executables+directories+symbolic links.
a::ls_option=all files and directories including dot-files.
q::ls_option=make invisible characters a question mark in listing
files::= $empty | $file | $file $file ...
file::= `name_of_a_file`| `name_of_a_directory` | `something_with_wildcards`
this_process_s_uniqe_identifier::=$$.
list_files_that_contain_string::= egrep -l `string` *.
. UNIX Find
find::command, searches a directory subtree for files and directories meeting more or less complex criteria and processes them in various optional ways, $find_files_under_directory_fitting_conditions.
find_files_under_directory_fitting_conditions::=find $directory $condition -print,
find_files_under_directory_fitting_conditions_and_do_things::=find $directory $condition $do_things,
directory::=any name of a directory or a file name,
.See http://www/cs360/notes/14.filesystems.html#path
condition ::= $disjunction,
disjunction::= $conjunction -o $conjunction...,
-o::find_option= or,
conjunction::= $primitive_condition ..., -- one or more in sequence.
primitive_condition::= \( $disjunction \) | ! $simple_condition,
simple_condition::= - $option $arguments_for_option,
option::= name | perm | type | user | group | size | inum | atime | mtime | ctime | newer | exec | ok | print.
exec_option::find_option= -exec unix_command \;. 
symbol_for_for_found_file_name::= "{}"
end_of_exec_symbol::= \;
. UNIX Names, copies, links and files
cp::command, $copy_file.
mv::command, $move_link.
rm::command, $remove_file.
ln::command, $make_link_to_a_file.
inode::=information node -- the fundamental block of data that is collected together by UNIX to form files.
directory::=a file that has a special layout that links file names with inode numbers and other information.
copy_file::=cp $copy_options $filename $filename | cp $filename ... $directory_name.
copy_options::= $none | $recursive | $force.
recursive::= -r.  -- on most systems.
filename::= normal name of file.
filename::=http://www.csci.csusb.edu/dick/cs360/notes/01.intro.html#file_name.
directory_name::=name of a file that is a directory.
make_link_to_file::command= ln $ln_options $existing_file $newfile | ln $options $existing_file ... $directory_name.
existing_file::=$filename. & does exist.
newfile::=$filename & does not exist.
ln_options::= $none | $symbolic | $force | $symbolic_and_force.
symbolic::= -s.
force::= -f.  Overwrite existing with out complaint or warning.
symbolic_and_force::= -sf.
remove_link_to_file::= rm $filename ... | rm -i $filename ... | rm -r $filename ... | ... .
.See http://www/cs360/notes/23.delete.html#Definitions
move_link::= mv $move_options $filename $newfilename | ... -- actually a the result of linking to new and removing the old!
move_options::=$force|$none.
tar::command,  $tape_archive_processor
tape_archive_processor::= $create_archive | $extract_from_archive | ...
create_archive ::= tar cf $filename $directory_name.
extract_from_archive::= tar xf $filename $directory_name | $verbose_extract.
verbose_extract::= tar xvf $filename $directory_name.
none::options= nothing, nada, leave blank, null, empty string, ...
. UNIX Security and Privacy
ls::command=list files command.
.See list_ownerships_etc
chmod::command=change permitted modes for a file.
.See change_permissions
umask::command=$set_default_permissions.
list_ownerships_etc::=ls -l $files.
set_default_permissions::=umask $three_octal_digits.
three_octal_digits::=$octal_digit $octal_digit $octal_digit.
change_permissions::= chmod $new_mode $files.
new_mode::=$three_octal_digits | $who $op $what,
who::= `optional u` `optional g` `optional o` | a
op::= + | - | =.
what::=`any number of` r w x X s t.
octal_digit::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7.
files::=a list of file names separated by white spaces - often the result of wildcard expansion.
setuid::=set user identity.
setgid::=set group identity.
. Deleting things in UNIX
.As_is 	trash files...
rm::command=$remove_some_files | $remove_files | $remove_a_directory_tree.
rmdir::command=$remove_empty_directories.
mv::command=$put_things_in_a_trashcan | ... .
find::command=$find_all_trashcans | ... .
.See http://www/cs360/notes/17.finding.html
remove_files::= rm $list_of_files.
remove_some_files::= rm -i $files.
remove_a_directory_tree::=rm -r $directories.
remove_empty_directories::=rmdir $directories.
put_things_in_a_trashcan::=mv $files .trashcan.
find_all_trashcans::=find . -name .trashcan -print.
files::=list of one or more file name separated by spaces.  -- can be generated by a wild card.
df::command=disk_free.
du::command=disk_usage.
. Showing what is inside a file on UNIX
more::command, $see_one_screen_at_a_time.
less::command, $see_one_screen_at_a_time.
pg::command, $see_one_screen_at_a_time.
cat::command::, $concatenate_files.
od::command, $octal_dump | $hexadecimal_dump | $character_dump.
file::command, $find_out_type_of_data_in_files.
sed::command, $edit_a_stream_of_lines.
tail::command, $look_at_the_end_of_a_file.
see_one_screen_at_a_time::= more $files | less $files | pg $files.
concatenate_files::=cat $files | cat -$cat_options $files.
cat_options::= v | n | t | ...
make_non_printing_visible::$cat_options= v.
number_the_lines::$cat_options= n.
octal_dump::=od $files.
hexadecimal_dump::=od -x $files.
character_dump::=od -c $files.
find_out_type_of_data_in_files::= file $files.
edit_a_stream_of_lines::= sed.
look_at_the_end_of_a_file::= tail $file | tail $tail_options $files.
tail_options::= +$number_lines_skipped | -$number_of_lines_shown ...
reversed::tail_options= r.
watch_a_file_grow::tail_options= f.
number_of_lines_skipped::=any decimal number.
number_of_lines_shown::=any decimal number.
files::=list of one or mire filenamess separated by white space.
file::=name of a file
. Regular Expressions
. UNIX For Programmers
.Open Syntax
. UNIX Commands
vi::command, visual $editor.
ed::command, the original $editor.
ex::command. the extended $editor. command mode in vi as well.
grep::command.  short for g/$RE/p in $ed. $search_program.
egrep::coomand.  An extended grep -- more options and often faster. $search_program.
fgrep::command.  Fixed grep - search for strings with no $magic. $search_program.
expr::command. Can be used to test to see if an argument matches a pattern in a shell script:
.See http://www/cs360/notes/45.scripts.html#expr
find_lines_in_file::= $search_program `options` $pattern $files.
search_program::= grep | egrep | agrep.
find_lines_with strings_in_files::= fgrep  `options` `string` $files.
Start_edit_at_line_with_string::= vi +/"$pattern" $file | ex +/"$pattern" $file.
grep_options::= -v | -w | -i | -l | -c | `any combination` | `...`
magic::=having $RE in searches in an editor.
editor::= vi | view | ed | ex | edit.
call_an_editor_to_crete_or_change_a_file::= $editor $filename.
. Searching in UNIX editors
search_forward::= /$pattern/
search_backwards::=?$pattern?
. Global commands in ed/ex in UNIX
do_it_to_all_lines_that_match::= g/$pattern/$ed_command.
ed_command::=delete | insert | move | substitute | join | read | write | ...
ex_command::=just like ed ony more of them.
. Global commands in vi
do_it_to_all_lines_that_match_in_vi::= :g/$pattern/$ex_command.
Symbols_used_in_patterns::=following
.Set
	caret::= ^, $start_of_line_anchor.
	dollar::=$, $end_of_line_anchor.
	square_brackets::= [ | ]. $set_of_characters.
	period::= . , $any_character.
	asterisk::= *, $any_number_of_the_previous.
	bar::= |, $or.
	question_mark::= ?, $option_symbol.
	plus::= +, $one_or_more_of_the_previous.
	braces::= { | }, $n_thru_m_repetitions $n_repetitions
	back_slash::= \\.  $escape_next_symbol $start_of_a_word $end_of_a_word
.Close.Set 
. Patterns in UNIX
pattern::= optional($start_of_line_anchor) main_pattern optional($end_of_line_anchor).
main_pattern::=any_number( ($any_char | $set_of_chars | normal_char | escaped_char) optional($any_number_of_the_previous))).
start_of_line_anchor::= ^
end_of_line_anchor::= $
set_of_characters::= [ `#( character | character` - `character )` ].
any_character::= .
any_number_of_the_previous::= *
. Regular Expressions
RE::=regular_expression.
regular_expression::=`a regular expression use sequence+selection+iteration to express a set of possibillities`.
REs::=`plural of $RE`
. Extended REs for egrep
or::= |
option::= ?
one_or_more_of_the_previous::= +
n_thru_m_repetitions::= \{ `n`, `m` \}
n_repetitions::= \{ `n` \}
. REs in ex/vi
start_of_a_word::= \<
end_of_a_word::= \>
.Close Syntax

grep::command, global regular expression print.
egrep::command, extended $grep.
agrep::command. Arizona grep.
fgrep::command, fixed string grep.
. Comparing UNIX Files
make::command, automates compilation, linking, and other repeitive processes, $$make_something.
diff::command, $find_differences_between_2_files, $apply_a_delta_file.
ex::command. Calls the extended editor. $use_a_delta_file.
make_something::=make $something.
something::=$filename... .
filename::=http://www.csci.csusb.edu/dick/cs360/notes/01.intro.html#file_name.
makefile::= $how_to_make_something ...
how_to_make_something::= $target:$sources $actions_that_make_target_from_sources... $eoln.
actions_that_make_target_from_sources::= $eoln $tab $command.
eoln::=end_of_line.
tab::=a real tab character... spaces will not work.
find_differences_between_2_files::=diff $options $filename $filename.
diff_options::= $none | -e
make_a_delta_file::= diff -e $oldfile $newfile >$deltafile.
apply_a_delta_file::=ex - $oldfile <$deltafile.
oldfile::=$filename.
newfile::=$filename.
delatafile::=$filename.
cmp::command.
bytewise_comparison::= cmp $filename $filename.
comm::command.
compare_alphabetical_lists::=comm $comm_options $filename $filename.
comm_options::= - ( 1 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 13 | 23 ).
. Why use a program to compare files
.Set
 Paris in the
 the Spring.
.Close.Set
. UNIX text handling tools
.As_is 		~dick/bin/prep
.As_is 		~dick/bin/concordance
.As_is 		~dick/bin/textanal
.As_is 		~dick/bin/prep
. Extra on some system
.As_is 		diction name_of_your_text_file
spell::command.  Outputs words from input that aren't in the dictionary.
ispell::freeware.  Interactive spell checker.
wc::=$word_count_etc.
word_count_etc::= $count_everything | $count_line | $count_words | $count_characters.
count_everything::= wc $filenames...
count_words::= wc -l $filenames...
count_lines::= wc -w $filenames...
count_characters::= wc -c $filenames...
filenames::=list of names of existing files searated by spaces.
.Open Vi Tips and techniques
. Beginners start here
.See List of Vi Commands
.As_is	:w	Write this file
.As_is	:n	Next file
.As_is 	:e<file>	Edit file
.As_is 	:e#	Edit the other file
.As_is 	:e!#	Edit the other file and forget my changes to this file
.As_is 	cut	"cd<something>
.As_is 	copy	"cy<something>
.As_is 	paste	"cp		pastes after cursor
.As_is 	paste	"cP		pastes before cursor
.As_is 	.exrc
.As_is	ex	the extended editor that vi is an interface to
.As_is 	  rc	read commands
.As_is 	!}br				word wrap paragraph(CSUSB only)
.As_is 	!Gsort|uniq -c|sort -nr		list and count words in file
.As_is	!4!spell<enter>u		spell check 4 lines
.As_is	!'astats			work out statistics...
.As_is 		:!generate_index_file >index.html &
.As_is		:ab<enter>
.Open Syntax of Vi commands
. Notation
c::=character.
ctrl(`k`)::=`tapping the k key with the Control shift held down`.
dot::= . 
period::= .
eoln::=`tap the Return or Enter key` 
	$eoln= End-of line.
esc::=`the Esc character`
letter::="a".."z" | "A".."Z".
n::=decimal_number.
text::=`any series of characters with no Esc in it unless prefixed by a $ctrl V`.
SP::=space.
BS::=Back_space.
. List of Vi Commands
vi_repeat_command_n_times::= `$n` `$vi_command`,
vi_append_after::= a.
vi_add_after_end_of_line::=A.
vi_move_back_a_word::=b.
vi_move_back_a_big_word::=B.
vi_change_something::= c `$movement` `$replacement_text` `$esc`
vi_change_rest_of_line::= C `$replacement_text` `$esc`
vi_change_one_line::= cc `$replacement_text` `$esc`.
vi_change_n_lines::= c `$n` c `$replacement_text` `$esc`.
replace_ment_text::=`$text`.
vi_cut_command::= double_quote `$buffer_id` vi_delete_something,
vi_delete_something::= d `$movement`.
.See vi_delete_character
vi_delete_rest_of_line::=D.
vi_delete_whole_line::= dd.
vi_delete_n_lines::= d `$n` d.
vi_move_to_end_of_word::=e.
vi_move_to_end_of_big_word::=E.
vi_move_to_find_char_in_line::= f `$c`.
vi_move_to_find_previous_char_in_line::= F `$c`.
vi_go_forward_a_screen::= `$ctrl/F`,
vi_move_forward::=`$ctrl/F`,
vi_go_to_line_n::= `$n` G
vi_move_to_line::= `$n` G
vi_go_to_last_line::= G,
vi_move_to_last_line::= G,
vi_give_me_information_on_this_file::=`$ctrl/G` | :f `$eoln`
vi_move_back_a_space::= h | `$BS`.
vi_insert_text::= i `$inserted_text`  `$esc`.
inserted_text::=text.
vi_insert_a_start_of_line::= I  `$inserted_text`  `$esc`.
vi_move_down::=j
vi_move_to_start_of_text_on_next_line::=`$eoln`| + .
vi_join_lines::=J.
vi_move_up::=k.
vi_move_up_to_start_of_text_on_previous_line::= -.
vi_move_forward::= l | `$SP`.
vi_mark_this_point::=  m `$letter`.
vi_move_to_next_string::=n.
vi_move_to_next_string_backwards::=N.
vi_open_line_below::=o `$inserted_text`  `$esc`.
vi_open_line_above::=O`$inserted_text`  `$esc`.
vi_paste_last_delete_after::=p.
vi_paste_last_delete_before::=P.
vi_paste_buffer::=`$double_quote` `$buffer_id` (p | P).
vi_paste_last_but_n_delete::=double_quote `$n` (p|P).
vi_quit_visual::=Q.
vi_replace_a_char::= r `$c`
vi_replace_string::= R `$text` `$esc`.
vi_substitutes::=s `$something`
vi_move_to_char::=t `$c`.
vi_move_to_char_backwards::=T `$c`.
vi_undo::=u.
vi_Big_undo::=U.
vi_undo_everything::= :e! `$eoln`.
vi_redo::= `$dot` .
vi_move_over_word::=w.
vi_move_over_big_word::=W.
vi_delete_char::=vi_cross_out|vi_cross_out_previous.
vi_cross_out::=x.
vi_cross_out_previous::=X
yank::=copY.
copY_into_buffer::= `$double_quote` `$buffer_id` vi_copy_command,
buffer_id::= `$letter`
vi_copY_something::= y `$movement`.
vi_copY_line::=yy.
vi_go_to_sleep::=ZZ
vi_line_commands::= : ex_command.
vi_quit_and_no_save::= q!
vi_search_forward::= / `$vi_regular_expression`,
vi_search_backward::= ? `$vi_regular_expression`,
.See http://www/cs360/notes/26.patterns.html
vi_shift_line_left::= <<,
vi_shift_line_right::= >>,
vi_shift_n_lines_left::= <`$n`<,
vi_shift_n_lines_right::= >`$n`>,
vi_shift_something_left::= <`$movement`,
vi_shift_something_right::= >`$movement`,
vi_shell_escape::= vi_pipe_thru | ex_shell_escape,
vi_pipe_thru::= vi_pipe_line | vi_pipe_n_lines | vi_pipe_something,
ex_shell_escape::= :! `shell_command`,
vi_pipe_line::= !!,
vi_pipe_n_lines::=!`$n`!,
vi_pipe_something::= ! `$movement`.
vi_go_to_column_n::= `$n` `$vertical_bar`,
vi_go_to_first_column::=0.
vi_go_to_first_nonwhitespace::= ^
vi_go_to_last_char_in_line::= $.
vi_move_to_column_n::= `$n` `$vertical_bar`,
vi_move_to_end_of_paragraph::= }.
vi_move_to_first_column::=0.
vi_move_to_first_non_whitespace::= ^
vi_move_to_last_column::=$.
vi_move_to_marked_character::=`
vi_move_to_marked_line::='
vi_move_to_matching_parenthesis::=%.
vi_move_to_start_of_paragraph::= {.
vi_word_wrap_the_whole_file::= 1G!Gbr `$eoln`.
movement::= `any number followed by any vi command with "move" in above list`,
movement::=$n $single_movement.
single_movement::= h | j |k | l | + | - | F`$c`|f`$c`|t`$c`|T`$c` G | `$SP` | `$BS` | { | } |....
c::=`any character`
. The Vi Alphabet
vi_command::=many including the following
.Set
A:: $vi_command, $vi_add_after_end_of_line.
a:: $vi_command, $vi_append_after.
B:: $vi_command, $vi_move_back_a_big_word.
b:: $vi_command, $vi_move_back_a_word.
C:: $vi_command, $vi_change_rest_of_line.
c:: $vi_command, $vi_change_something.
D:: $vi_command, $vi_delete_rest_of_line.
d:: $vi_command, $vi_delete_something.
E:: $vi_command, $vi_move_to_end_of_big_word.
e:: $vi_command, $vi_move_to_end_of_word.
f:: $vi_command, $vi_move_to_find_char_in_line.
F:: $vi_command, $vi_move_to_find_previous_char_in_line.
G:: $vi_command, $vi_go_to_line_n.
h:: $vi_command, $vi_move_back_a_space.
I:: $vi_command, $vi_insert_a_start_of_line.
i:: $vi_command, $vi_insert_text.
J:: $vi_command, $vi_join_lines.
j:: $vi_command, $vi_move_down.
k:: $vi_command, $vi_move_up.
l:: $vi_command, $vi_move_forward.
m:: $vi_command, $vi_mark_this_point.
n:: $vi_command, $vi_move_to_next_string.
N:: $vi_command, $vi_move_to_next_string_backwards.
O:: $vi_command, $vi_open_line_above.
o:: $vi_command, $vi_open_line_below.
p:: $vi_command, $vi_paste_last_delete_after.
P:: $vi_command, $vi_paste_last_delete_before.
Q:: $vi_command, $vi_quit_visual.
r:: $vi_command, $vi_replace_a_char.
R:: $vi_command, $vi_replace_string.
s:: $vi_command, $vi_substitutes.
t:: $vi_command, $vi_move_to_char.
T:: $vi_command, $vi_move_to_char_backwards.
U:: $vi_command, $vi_Big_undo.
u:: $vi_command, $vi_undo.
W:: $vi_command, $vi_move_over_big_word.
w:: $vi_command, $vi_move_over_word.
x:: $vi_command, $vi_cross_out.
X:: $vi_command, $vi_cross_out_previous.
y:: $vi_command, $vi_copY_something.
ZZ:: $vi_command, $vi_go_to_sleep.
.Close.Set
. Some vi Line mode/ex commands
ex_command::= `$address` `$action`,
ex_actions::=following
.Set
	a::ex_command, append upto line with a single . on it
 	d::ex_command, delete
 	e::ex_command, edit file
 	f::ex_command, which file name?
  i::ex_command, insert before the line
  j::ex_command, join lines
  l::ex_command, list (show tabs and eolines)
  m::ex_command, move lines
  q::ex_command, quit
  r::ex_command, read file in
  s::ex_command, Substitute:    s/old_pattern/new_string/flags
 	u::ex_command, Undo
	vis::ex_command, Visual mode
	w::ex_command, Write file
.Close.Set
.See http://www/cs360/notes/33.ed+ex.html
address::= `$range` | `$line` | `$global` | `$all_lines`,
all_lines::=%.
this_file::= %.
range::= `$line`,`$line`,
global::= g `$search`, v`$search`,
line::=`$search` | `$n` | `$place` ( + | - ) `$n` | `$search` (+|-) `$n`,
place::= `$here` | `$end_of_file`,
here::= `$dot`
end_of_file::= $
search::= $forwards|$backwards
forwards::= / `$pattern` /,
backwards::= ? `$pattern` ?,
ex_substitute_command::=`$address`s/`$pattern`/`$replacement`/`$flags`,
pattern::=
.See http://www.csci.csusb.edu/dick/cs360/notes/26.patterns.html
replacement::=`string with & and \1,\2,\3,... replaced`
flag::= `any_number_of`( c | g | p ), -- confirm, global, print.  
.Close Syntax
map::$vi_ex_command, defines map from keys to commands.
unmap::$vi_ex_command, removes meaning of key.
map_key_to_command::=map $key $commands.
key::= a single key.  prefix some control characters with CTRL/V.
commands::=any sequence of vi commands, but prefix  some control characters with CTRL/V.
vi_ex_command::=in vi command mode tap the colon(:) key before the command and tap the return after the end.
.Close
EMACS::=Editing Macros.
EMACS_command::= $addresses $action.
action::=following
.Set
	a::$action, $append.
	c::$action, $change.
	d::$action, $delete.
	i::$action, $insert.
	m::$action, $move.
	p::$action, $print.
	q::$action, $quit.
	r::$action, $read.
	s::$action, $substitute.
	t::$action, $copy.
	w::$action, $write.
 Plus some multiple charcter commands
.Close.Set
addresses::= $empty | $address | $address, $address | $whole_file_indicator | $global_edit.
global_edit::= g/ $pattern /.
address::= $simple_address | $relative_address | $simple_address $plus_or_minus $number.
relative_address::= + $number | - $number | + | - .
simple_address::= $before_top | $last_line | $current_line | $marked_line | $next_line_to_match | $previous_line_to_match.
before_top::= 0.
last_line::= $.
current_line::= $period.
marked_line::= ' $letter.
next_line_to_match::= / $pattern /.
previous_line_to_match::= ? $pattern ?.
whole_file_indicator::= %
normal_string_delimeter::= /.
. UNIX Edit Actions and Symbols
append::= a $lines.
change::= c $lines.
delete::= d.
edit::= e $force_it_option $other_file_symbol | e $force_it_option $file_name.
other_file_symbol::= #.
insert::= i $lines.
move::= m $address.
print::= p.
quit::= q.
read::= r $source.
source::= $file_name | ! unix_command.
substitute::= s / $old_string / $new_string / $flags.
flags::= any of g(global) + c(confirm) + p(print result).
old_string::=$pattern | $empty.
new_string::=any string of characters but escape special chars like & and /.
write::= w $force_it_option $append_it_option $destination_option.
force_it_option::= $empty | ! .
append_it_option::= $empty | >>.
destination_option::= $empty | $file_name.
Symbols::=following
.Set
	dollar::=$::ed_symbol, $last_line.
	percent::=%::ex_symbol, $whole_file_indicator.
	plus::= + ::ex_symbol, $relative_address.
	minus::= - ::ex_symbol, $relative_address.
	single_quote::='::ex_symbol, $marked_line.
	period::=.::ed_symbol, $current_line.
	g::ed_symbol, $global_edit.
	slash::=/::ed_symbol, search for $next_line_to_match and $normal_string_delimeter.
	question_mark::=?::ed_symbol, search for $previous_line_to_match.
	exclamation_mark::=!::ed_symbol, $force_it_option.
.Close.Set
letter::= a..z.
period::= ..
empty::=.
TBA::=To Be Answered.
. Awk -- Ultimate UNIX Tool
. Stream Editting on UNIX
sed::command, $edit_every_line_input, $edit_every_line_in_files.
edit_every_line_input::= sed $sed_options $sed_commands 
edit_every_line_in files::= sed $sed_options $sed_commands $files
files::=one or more files.
sed_options::= $empty | -n, Use -n when no printing is assumed.
sed_commands::= -f $filename | $sed_command, -- ussually need to put it in quotes!
sed_command::= $address $action.
action::=$print | $substitute | $delete | $add | $input | $quit | ...
address::=http://www/cs360/notes/33.ed+ex.html$address.
print::= p
substitute::= s/old/new/ $substitute_options
substitute_options::= $print_option $global_option $confirm_option.
print_option::=p.
confirm_option::=c.
delete::=d.
add::= s $lines.
input::= i $lines.
quit::= q.
lines::= sequence of lines terminated by one that has a period and nothing else on it.
symbolic_sed_commands::=following
.Set
	a::$action, $add.
	d::$action, $delete.
	i::$action, $insert.
	p::$action, $print.
	q::$action, $quit.
	s::$action, $substitute.
	Etc...
.Close.Set
. UNIX File slicing and Dicing commands
tr::command, $translate_input_characters.
uniq::command, $select_unique_lines.
join::command, $relational_join
paste::command, $paste_files_together_line_by_line.
pr::command, $prepare_for_printout.
cut::command, $cut_up_input_lines.
translate_input_characters::= tr $tr_options $input_chars $output_chars.
tr_options::= $none | - $some_of( c | s | d ).
prepare_for_printout::= pr $pr_options $files.
pr_options::= $none | $some_of( $merge | $columns | $title | ... )
merge::= -m.
column::= -$n.
title::= -t ( $none | $string ).
cut_up_input_lines::= cut $cut_options $files.
cut_options::= $by_column | $by_field.
by_column::= -c $some_of( $n | $n-$n | $comma )
by_field::= $delimiter -f $some_of( $n | $n-$n | $comma ).
delimiter::= $default | -d$char.
default::=$none.
paste_files_together_line_by_line::= paste $paste_options ( $files | $dashes).
paste_options::= $delimiter | -s.
relational_join::= join $join_options $files.
select_unique_lines::= uniq $uniq_options $files.
uniq_options::= $count $dups_once $only_uniq $ignore_fields $ignore_chars,
count::= -c,
dups_once::= -d,
only_uniq::= -u,
ignore_fields::= - $n.
ignore_chars::= + $n.
n::=decimal number.
some_of(X)::=take one of each option from list as many timess as you want and concatenate.
string::= a word or title string in quotations.
none::= .
. Sorting data on UNIX
sort::command, see $sort_a_file and $sort_standard_input.
sort_a_file::= sort $sort_options -o $filename $filename.
sort_standard_input::=sort $sort_options.
output_sorted_data_from_files::= sort $sort_options $filenames.
sort_options::=following
.Set
 +$n	start sort key in firled `n`
 +$n.$m	start sort key at char `m` of field `n`.
 -$n	stop sort key in firled `n`
 -$n.$m	stop sort key at char `m` of field `n`.
 -t	The `tab` or field delimiter.
 -n	Sort numerically
 -f	Fold capitals and lowercase together.
 -r	Reverse sort from ascending to descending
 -b	Ignore leading blanks
 -u	Remove duplicates (like uniq but better)
.Close.Set
filenames::=$one_or_more_of($filename).
. Controling processes in UNIX
nohup::command, $dont_kill_this_when_I_log_out
dont_kill_this_when_I_log_out::=nohup $command &
signal::=one of 15 or more numbered messages that can be sent from one running process to another on a UNIX machine, See the following list:
.Box
STOP::$signal=17.
HUP::$signal=1, The modem just Hung Up.
INT::$signal=2, Interupt
QUIT::$signal=3, Stop and dump core.
KILL::$signal=9, terminate with extreme prejudice(BSD Manuals:-)
TERM::$signal=15, Terminate but gracefully.
STOP::$signal=17, stops process until the next $CONT or other $signal.
CONT::$signal=19, continue after a $STOP.
TSTP::$signal=18, stop and be ready to become foreground or background.
list_all_signals_on_this_system::= kill -l
.Close.Box
kill::command. $send_signal_to_process, $list_all_signals_on_this_system.
send_signal_to_process::= kill -$signal $process_ids
process_ids::= $process_id ...
process_id::=a unique decimal number allocated to every running process on a UNIX system.
ps::command, $list_my_processes, $list_all_processes
list_my_processes::=ps.
list_users_processes::$SYSV= ps -u `user_name`.
list_users_processes::$BSD= ps aux|grep `user_name`.
list_all_processes::$BSD= ps aux.
list_all_processes::=$SYSV= ps -elf
trap::command. $do_something_when_you_get_any_of_these_signals.
do_something_when_you_get_any_of_these_signals::= trap $signals "$command".
command::=any UNIX command.
signals::=$signal $signal ...
ampersand::=&.  In UNIX shells an ampresand is put after a command that should be run ind parallel with the net command - typically in the back ground of the users login shell.
SYSV::=AT&T flavored UNIXen.
BSD::=Berkely flavored UNIXen.
. Timing things in UNIX
time::$command, $time_this,
time_this::= time $command $arguments_etc.
command::=any UNIX executable
arguments_etc::= list of words and redirections separated by blanks
nice::$command, $let_the_other_person_go_first.
let_the_other_person_go_first::= nice $command $arguments_etc.
uptime::$command.  outputs stats about loads etc...
w::$command, outputs $uptime and then lists what people are doing.
list_load_and_what_people_are_doing::= w.
. Sleeping and waiting in UNIX
sleep::command, $wait_roughly_this_number_of_seconds.
wait_roughly_this_number_of_seconds::= sleep $n.
n::=any whole decimal number.
. Setting up a terminal for old fashioned UNIX
stty::command, $check_terminal_settings, $read_the_stty_manual,
.See http://www/cs360/notes/05.terminals.html
man::command, to brouse thought the online manuals.
check_terminal_settings::= stty | stty -a | stty -everything.
read_the_stty_manual::=man stty.
tty::=teletype, an ancient but cheap terminal used on the First World Wide electronic network: Telex.
ptty::=Pseudo-$tty used on Xwindows.
. People and UNIX
 Understand the problem area:
 Get Tools: 
 Understand the particular problem in front of you.
 Act:
 Check:
 Learn:

SNAFU::= Situation Normal: All $Fouled Up.  A phrase invented by the US
FUBAR::= $Fouled Up Beyond All Recognition.
Fouled::=the GIs used a word in place of Fouled with a similar meaning but a stronger emphasis...
. Formating data on UNIX
pr::command, $prepare_to_print.
banner::command, $make_a_banner.
make_a_banner::= banner $words.
prepare_to_print::= pr $pr-options $files
pr_options::= $pr_number_of_cols | $pr_no_title | $pr_header | $pr_merge_files |...
pr_number_of_cols::= -$n.
pr_no_title::= -t.
pr_header::= -h $string.
pr_merge_files::= -m.
display_files_with_headers::= head -10000 $files
n::=any whole number in decimal.
string::=any string - but put it in quotes.
words::= some words inside quotes.
width::=a decimal number between 10 and 250.
. br - Break Lines Up (CSUSB only)
br::a_local_command, $break_long_lines.
break_long_lines::= br $width.

THis is a program I wrote and installed on most of the UNIXen that I
administered -- or just compiled into my local ~/bin directory...
Very useful and guarantee'd correct

Shell commands
.As_is 		br
.As_is		br <infile >outfile

Used inside $vi.
.As_is 		!!br			word wrap this line
.As_is 		!Gbr			word wrap rest of file
.As_is 		1G!Gbr 40		word wrap whole file to 40 characters
.As_is		~|br
.See http://www/dick/tools/br.l
(manual)
.See http://www/dick/tools/br.l.cat
(printable manual)
.See http://www/dick/tools/br.c
.See http://www/dick/tools/brt.c
(Source code -- K&R C)
.See http://www/dick/tools/br.c
(ANSI C)
.See http://www/dick/samples/br.d.html
(documentation).
. Writing Scripts for UNIX
.As_is 		chmod a+rx name_of_file
.As_is 		: comment
.As_is		command arg1 arg2 arg3 ...
.As_is		$0 is command
.As_is		$1 is arg1
.As_is		$2 is arg2
.As_is		...
.As_is 	case $# in
.As_is 	0) echo Usage: $0 ..... ; exit 1;;
.As_is 	1) file=$1; do_something_to_file
.As_is 	;;
.As_is 	*) for file; do $0 $file; done ;;
.See http://www/cs360/notes/unix.syntax.html
command_line_argument::= $`n`.
remove_first_argument_etc::= shift.
number_of_command_line_arguments::= $#.
exit_status_of_last_command::= $?.
all_arguments::= $*.
all_arguments_in_quotes::="$@".
this_process_s_id::=$$.
test_for_some_condition::= $test_command | [ $test_options ] | $test_string_for_a_pattern.
test_string_for_a_pattern::=http://www/cs360/notes/45.scripts.html#test_string_for_a_pattern.
test_command::= test $test_options.
test_exprression::=$test_options.
test_options::= $test_option | $test_option $space $test_boolean_operator  $space $test_options | $not $space $test_option.
not::= !.
space::=mandatory spaces or tab characters.
test_option::= $value $space -$fortran_comparison $space $value | -$file_state $file | $string $string_comparison $string.
file_state::= $r | $s | $z | $d | ...
.As_is 	if test -r .profile; then echo .profile exists.; fi
.Box
	r::$file_state=readable.
	d::$file_state=directory.
	s::$file_state=readable and nonempty.
	z::$file_state=readable and empty.
 ...(depending on your system)
.As_is 		man test
.Close.Box
file::=possible name of a file -- string of letters and digits variable ....
value::= `any_valid_shell_argument`.
fortran_comparison::=  $lt | $le | $eq | $ne | $gt | $ge.
.As_is 	if test $# -eq 3; then echo Command has three arguments; fi
.Box
	lt::$fortran_comparison=less than,
	ge::$fortran_comparison=greater than or equal,
	ne::$fortran_comparison=not equal to,
	eq::$fortran_comparison=is equal to,
	le::$fortran_comparison=is lessthan or equal to,
	ge::$fortran_comparison=is lessthan or equal to.
.Close.Box
string_comparison::=$test_strings_equal | $test_strings_not_equal.
test_strings_egual::= =.
test_strings_unequal::= !=.
string::=x`any sequence of words and arguments and variable values in quotes`.
test_boolean_operator::= $test_and | $test_or.
test_and::= -a.
test_or::= -o.
output_result_of_expression::= expr $expression.
put_output_of_expresion_in_command::= $reverse_quote expr $expression $reverse_quote.
test_string_for_a_pattern::= expr $expression : $expr_pattern >/dev/null,
.As_is 		if expr $1 : "-" ; then # first argument starts with a dash.
reverse_quote::="`".
expr_command::=exor $expression.
expression::= $element | $expression $expr_operator $expression ... .
expr_operator::= + | - | \* | / | % | = | != | > | >= | < | <= | $vertical_bar | $ampersand | $colon_operator.
colon_operator::$expr_operator. Matches its first string argument against a $expr_pattern in the second argument.
expr_pattern::=a pattern with wild cards for characters + repetition with * and the ability to select a part of the pattern "\(....\)".  Warning the pattern is always anchored at the start of the string.
.See http://www/dick/cs320/notes/26.patterns.html
element::= $string | $constant | \( $expression \).
ampersand::= "&".
vertical_bar::= "|".
string::=any string in double or single quotes with usual shell rules, of
constant::=$number | $word.
number::= sequence of decimal digits.
word::=sequence of words and values of variables with no whitespace...
. How to Appear Organized using UNIX: Calendars
.As_is 		In vi Command mode	:!cal
.As_is 		In vi Input mode	<Esc>:!cal
.As_is 		Input it into text while
.As_is 		  in vi command mode 
.As_is 		  on a blank line	!!cal
.As_is		In ex			!cal
.As_is		Sending mail with mailx	~!cal
.As_is		Reading mail with mailx	!cal
.As_is		On the WWW with Lynx	!cal		(and then CTRL/D)
. Using UNIX commands inside other programs
vi_command_shell_escape::= :! `shell_command`.
ex_command_shell_escape::= ! `shell_command`.
mailx_command_shell_escape::= ! `shell_command`.
lynx_command_shell_escape::= ! `shell_command`.
sending_mailx_shell_escape::= ~! `shell_command`.
vi_command_shell_escape::= :! `shell_command`.
daemon::=`a program that runs without a user invoking it at a terminal`.
. UNIX Script expressions
$TBA
. Miscelaneous UNIX Commands
.See http://www.ccil.org/jargon/jargon.html
who::command, lists users, $RTFM
script::command, records what happens in a file.
RTFM::=Read the Famous Manual... See $man